Decoupled anisotropy in the lower crust and upper mantle extracted by the Wave Gradiometry method resolves the differential deformation mechanisms beneath the northeastern Tibetan Plateau

The Tibet plateau is the ideal place to study how the lithospheres are deformed and how the materials move vertically and horizontally under the tectonic stress applied in an intracontinental collision region. To resolve the deformation and growth mechanism of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we constructed a 3-D azimuthally anisotropic shear-wave velocity (Vs) model by applying the recently developed Wave Gradiometry method based on the data recorded at 676 broadband seismic stations. Across the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we found relatively weak low-velocity zones in the Qilian block and Bayan Har block at depths of 25 to 40 km, as well as decoupled anisotropies in the crust and mantle. In the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, the fast propagation directions (FPDs) in the mid-lower crust (20–60 km) are mostly NW-SE. Within the uppermost mantle (60–100 km), the FPDs beneath the Qilian block and the Qaidam block are nearly NE-SW, and the FPDs under the Bayan Har block are mostly in SE-NW. This result contradicts the lower crustal flow model, which expects the FPDs in the mid-lower crust to align with the assumed flow directions induced by topographic gradient (i.e. NWW-SEE beneath Bayan Har block and NE-SW beneath the Qilian block). On the contrary, our inverted 3D S-wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy model could be well explained by pure shear deformation in the crust. That is, continuous pure shearing and shortening occur in the crust. Under the influence of asthenosphere material, the lithospheric mantle may move northeast. Crustal anisotropy is related to the strong shear deformation, whereas lithospheric mantle anisotropy is mainly due to the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine associated with the mantle movement under the NE-SW compressional stress.