Spatially heterogeneous responses of planktonic foraminifera assemblages over 700,000 years of climate change

Aim: To determine the degree to which assemblages of planktonic foraminifera track thermal conditions. Location: The worlds oceans. Time period: The last 700,000 years of glacial-interglacial cycles. Major taxa studied: Planktonic foraminifera. Methods: We investigate assemblage dynamics in planktonic foraminifera in response to temperature changes using a global dataset of Quaternary planktonic foraminifera, together with a coupled Atmosphere Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) at 8,000-year resolution. We use thermal deviance to assess assemblage responses to climate change, defined as the difference between the temperature at a given location and the bio-indicated temperature (i.e., the abundance-weighted average of estimated temperature optima for the species present). Results: Assemblages generally tracked annual mean temperature changes through compositional turnover, but large thermal deviances are evident under certain conditions. The coldest-adapted species persisted in polar regions during warming but were not joined by additional immigrants, resulting in decreased assemblage turnover with warming. The warmest-adapted species persisted in equatorial regions during cooling. Assemblages at mid latitudes closely tracked temperature cooling and showed a modest increase in thermal deviance with warming. Main conclusions: Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages were generally able to track or endure temperature changes: as climate warmed or cooled, bio-indicated temperature also became warmer or cooler, although to a variable degree. At polar sites under warming and at equatorial sites under cooling, the change in temperature predicted from assemblage composition was less than, or even opposite to, expectations based on estimated environmental change. Nevertheless, all species survived the accumulation of thermal deviance-a result that highlights the resilience and inertia of planktonic foraminifera on an assemblage level to the last 700,000 years of climate change, which might be facilitated by broad thermal tolerances or depth shifts. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.