Data from Paradoxical Activation of T Cells via Augmented ERK Signaling Mediated by a RAF Inhibitor

RAF inhibitors selectively block extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in BRAF-mutant melanomas and have defined a genotype-guided approach to care for this disease. RAF inhibitors have the opposite effect in BRAF wild-type tumor cells, where they cause hyperactivation of ERK signaling. Here, we predict that RAF inhibitors can enhance T-cell activation, based on the observation that these agents paradoxically activate ERK signaling in BRAF wild-type cells. To test this hypothesis, we have evaluated the effects of the RAF inhibitor BMS908662 on T-cell activation and signaling in vitro and in vivo. We observe that T-cell activation is enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner and that this effect corresponds with increased ERK signaling, consistent with paradoxical activation of the pathway. Furthermore, we find that the combination of BMS908662 with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade in vivo potentiates T-cell expansion, corresponding with hyperactivation of ERK signaling in T cells detectable ex vivo. Finally, this combination demonstrates superior antitumor activity, compared with either agent alone, in two transplantable tumor models. This study provides clear evidence that RAF inhibitors can modulate T-cell function by potentiating T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Paradoxical activation of ERK signaling in T cells offers one mechanism to explain the enhanced antitumor activity seen when RAF inhibitors are combined with CTLA-4 blockade in preclinical models. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(1); 70–79. ©2013 AACR.