Reproductive biology and population structure of three hydrothermal gastropods ( Lepetodrilus schrolli , L. fijiensis and Shinkailepas tollmanni ) from the South West Pacific back-arc basins

Hydrothermal vents host fragmented habitats and are increasingly becoming the target of deep-sea mining projects for their mineral resources. Managing a future sustainable exploitation requires a good understanding of the resilience of biological populations to natural and anthropogenic disturbances, hence a better knowledge of species life history traits and their capacity to replenish local populations or colonise distant sites. In this context, we studied the reproductive biology and recruitment patterns of three main representative hydrothermal vent limpets of the South West Pacific back-arc basins, Lepetodrilus schrolli , Lepetodrilus fijiensis and Shinkailepas tollmanni , in relation to habitats and environmental conditions. Limpets were collected in Bathymodiolus and Ifremeria nautilei habitats at several vent sites in the Manus, North Fiji and Lau back-arc basins, and the Futuna Volcanic Arc during the CHUBACARC cruise in 2019. Population structure, gonad morphology, and gametogenesis were analysed for each species, and fecundity was analysed for the two Lepetodrilus species. Both Lepetodrilus spp. were gonochoric and displayed a sexual size dimorphism with females larger than males. Gametogenesis was continuous or quasi-continuous with all stages of oocyte development present in the gonad and a maximum oocyte size of 124 µm for L. schrolli and 126 µm for L. fijiensis . Fecundity varied between 52 and 205 with a mean of 119 ± 74 (SD) matured oocytes per female in L. schrolli and between 80 and 605 with a mean of 366 ± 183 (SD) matured oocytes per female in L. fijiensis , and was independent of the limpet size for both species. Shinkailepas tollmanni is also a gonochoric gastropod with continuous gametogenesis and a maximum oocyte size of 153 µm. For each species, size-frequency distributions were consistent with a continuous recruitment although episodic larval supply could blur the signal. There was no evidence of an influence of the habitat type nor environmental conditions on population structures.