Measuring the Queen Bee Phenomenon in technically efficient firms: implications from Southeast Asian manufacturers

This study examines the "Queen Bee Phenomenon," that is, Southeast Asian manufacturers having female CEOs and owners. In addition, the buffering effect of female CEOs and owners on manufacturers seeking higher technical efficiencies is also examined in this research. This study uses the fractional regression and two-limit Tobit regression models to examine a combined set of cross-sectional data from surveys conducted by the World Bank, consisting of 3471 manufacturers in Southeast Asia, including those in Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Our results find that the "Queen Bee Phenomenon" does not exist in Southeast Asian manufacturing enterprises. Furthermore, manufacturers with higher technical efficiency levels are likely to hire fewer female workers; nevertheless, if female CEOs and owners run these technically efficient firms, hiring more female workers can be noticed. This research demonstrates that globalization through FDI and exports may promote female labor force participation among Southeast Asian enterprises and those seeking greater technical efficiencies.