"Closed books": restrictions to primary healthcare access in Aotearoa New Zealand-reporting results from a survey across general practices.

AIM:In Aotearoa New Zealand, primary care is organised by enrolling patients with a primary care provider. However, the benefits of this arrangement are frustrated when providers "close their books" due to insufficient capacity for new patients. We investigated the extent, evolution and impact of this situation on health access and equity in access to primary healthcare. METHOD:We distributed a survey for general practice personnel in 2022, yielding 227 valid responses. We examined responses across respondents' practice characteristics, including practice size, rural-urban setting, average co-payments, region and ethnic composition of the catchment population. RESULTS:Most general practices are selectively enrolling their patients. In 2022, only 28% of respondents freely enrolled new people. Since 2019, most respondents (79%) had "closed books" or limited enrolments at some point. The situation worsened between 2019 and 2022, compromising equal opportunity and access in healthcare. CONCLUSION:Restricted enrolment poses a widespread barrier to health access and equity, and it worsened since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing closed books and limited enrolments in general practice could significantly improve health services' access and equity. The study aims to inform ongoing health reforms.