Nosocomial Infections in Adults Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Review for Infectious Diseases Clinicians

Over the past 10 years, there has been a rapid expansion in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the care of patients with refractory cardiac or respiratory failure. Infectious diseases clinicians must reconcile conflicting evidence from limited studies as they develop practices at their own institutions, which has resulted in considerably different practices globally. This review describes infection control and prevention as well as antimicrobial prophylaxis strategies in this population. Data on diagnostics and treatment for patients receiving ECMO with a focus on diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship is then examined. This review summarizes gaps in the current ECMO literature and proposes future needs, including developing clear definitions for infections and encouraging transparent reporting of practices at individual facilities in future clinical trials. Infectious diseases clinicians are more frequently being consulted on infections in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. This review summarizes the most recent guidance on antimicrobial prophylaxis, infection control, diagnosis, and treatment of nosocomial infections in this population.