Design and Fabrication of Microarchitected Thermoelectric Generators: Prospects and Challenges

Solid-state devices called thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can convert waste heat from production into electrical power. For emerging devices like thermally integrated energy-autonomous devices, medicinal equipment, and Internet of Things, mu-TEGs are essential because they can produce power even from minor temperature gradients. A review of the history and state-of-the-art of mu-TEGs is provided in this article. In addition, it concentrates on highly effective approaches for achieving high-performance miniature vertical thermoelectric (TE) devices. Design and optimizing methodologies for vertical mu-TEGs are also investigated since their output power, efficiency, and integrity are critical to the architecture. Improving electrical and mechanical performance may be achieved via optimization methods, including multiobjective and finite-dimensional optimization in three dimensions (3D). Additionally, the idea and latest advancements of employing the 3D microadditive manufacturing (micro-AM) technique for producing mu-TEGs are discussed, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The concept of "microarchitected TEGs" as opposed to "mu-TEGs" is provided by the new paradigm of digital AM and architected material concept, which also broadens the scope of material adaptability and innovative structural design. The difficulties experienced are summed up when increasing the output power of mu-TEG and the prediction of future trends is the final step. This review explores the significance of microthermoelectric generators (mu-TEGs) in harnessing waste heat for power in emerging applications like energy-autonomous devices, medical equipment, and the Internet of Things. Focusing on high-performance miniature vertical thermoelectric devices, it delves into design, optimization methodologies, and 3D microadditive manufacturing. Microarchitected TEGs are introduced, highlighting challenges in enhancing output power and predicting future trends in mu-TEG development.image (c) 2024 WILEY-VCH GmbH