Sea-level trends and variability along the coast of Vietnam over 2002-2018: Insights from the X-TRACK/ALES altimetry dataset and coastal tide gauges

The changes in coastal sea levels are now considered a significant concern for densely-populated coastal regions such as Vietnam, which hosts a long coastline and two large deltaic areas. In this study, we used high-resolution (20-Hz) altimetry data from the XTRACK/ALES product to investigate the trends and variability of sea-level anomalies (SLAs) along the Vietnam coast from 2002 to 2018. We conducted comparisons of SLAs from X-TRACK/ALES with SLAs from four coastal tide gauges, and the results present a good root mean square error (0.03 m on average) and good statistically significant correlation (for p < 0.05) with an average value of 0.66. There is an exception for the Quy Nhon site (r 0.5) as its closest altimetry points lie in the open ocean. Regarding trend calculations, the tide gauge sites exhibit two-to-three times larger trends than altimetry points, indicating a significant deviation from the coast to the open ocean. We then examined the contribution of various forcing factors by stepwise regression analysis for the 2002 - 2018 and 2008-2018 periods. The stepwise model can explain the observed data in the latter period (about 63 % on average). As local factors, SST and meridional wind stress appear important, whereas PDO and ENSO are significant as remote factors, particularly at the southern sites. However, we could not find the best common forcing factors for all sites suggesting the inconsistent mechanisms causing sea-level variability along the Vietnam coast. Our study demonstrates complicated regional sea-level variability and emphasizes the benefit of (c) 2023 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.