A systematic review of fourth industrial revolution technologies in smart irrigation: Constraints, opportunities, and future prospects for sub-Saharan Africa

The adoption of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies has revolutionized agricultural practices worldwide. However, their application in the context of sub-Saharan Africa remains a critical challenge. This study presents a systematic review that investigates the potential of 4IR technologies in smart irrigation. SubSaharan Africa faces multiple agricultural challenges, exacerbated by climate change, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation practices. The need for sustainable, water-efficient, and data-driven irrigation systems is urgent to ensure food security and economic development in the region. This study addresses a crucial knowledge gap by assessing the constraints, opportunities, and prospects of implementing 4IR technologies for smart irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic review methodology was employed, utilizing reputable databases including Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Xplore, and PubMed. A comprehensive search strategy was designed to identify peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and reports related to the application of Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Big Data, and Blockchain technology in smart irrigation. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was used to arrive at 95 articles included in this research. The review reveals promising trends in the integration of 4IR technologies for smart irrigation. 4IR technologies including Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data technology, Blockchain and drones are widely used in smart irrigation. These technologies have facilitated real time monitoring of soil moisture and weather conditions, precision irrigation scheduling, water allocation optimization, rapid data collection, insights in real time crop water use and transparency and trust in agricultural water management among others. While the potential of 4IR technologies is evident, challenges including limited infrastructure, access to technology, and technical expertise pose significant barriers for the adoption in sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, the high initial costs associated with these technologies can impede widespread adoption. The study highlights the potential to leverage existing mobile phone penetration for IoT data collection, collaborative partnerships, and innovative financing models to overcome financial constraints. Capacity-building initiatives and knowledge transfer can empower local communities to embrace these technologies. The future of smart irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa relies on policy support, investments, and technology diffusion strategies. It is imperative to create an enabling environment that fosters innovation and addresses the unique needs of the region. Collaboration between governments, academia, industry, and international organizations can catalyze the transformative impact of 4IR technologies, ultimately enhancing irrigation sustainability and food security.