Mapping the potential distribution of Asian elephants: Implications for conservation and human–elephant conflict mitigation in South and Southeast Asia

Asian elephants play a pivotal role in their ecosystem. Understanding the potential distribution area of this species is vital for effective conservation efforts and mitigation of human-elephant conflicts. In this study, we used the maximum entropy to simulate the potential distribution area of Asian elephants across South and Southeast Asia, leveraging Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and presence data sourced from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The analysis revealed that the potential distribution area of Asian elephants spans 530,418 km2 (10.59% of the study area), with significant potential distribution areas observed in Indonesia (136,890 km2) and Malaysia (119,497 km2). Vegetation type emerged as the dominant environmental factor influencing model outcomes, encompassing aspects such as broadleaved evergreen tree coverage, broadleaved deciduous closed tree coverage and EVI. The potential distribution area of Asian elephants overlaps with regions inhabited by 55.25 million people, with 6.07 million people residing in highly suitable habitats. India and Malaysia have high potential for human-elephant conflict (HEC) due to the high number of people living in potential and highly suitable habitats for elephants. Bangladesh and Nepal, on the other hand, have fewer people living in these habitats suitable for elephants, but they face relatively high human population density in these areas.