Macrophage-derived biomimetic nanoparticles for light-driven theranostics toward Mpox

Due to the rapid spread of Mpox and the lack of effective treatments and prevention strategies, exploring innovative means of treating and interrupting Mpox transmission remains an urgent task. Here, we report a biomimetic nanodrug-based targeted photothermal and photodynamic dual-modality therapeutic strategy for Mpox management. Through coating vaccinia virus (Mpox replacement virus)-activated macrophage membranes onto polymeric nanoparticles loaded with a versatile photosensitizer with aggregation-induced emission features, the nano-macrophages (PN-AIE MØ) with virus-targeting receptors enable precise binding within infected pustules. Loaded with the photosensitizer agent, PN-AIE MØ displays near-infrared-II fluorescence, photothermal, and oxygen-independent type I photodynamic properties. In vivo experiments show that PN-AIE MØ, when intravenously injected, remains in virus lesions for extended periods, allowing imaging and effective virus eradication under 808-nm laser treatment. More importantly, this strategy interrupts virus transmission and prevents further outbreaks. This nanomaterial-based dual-mode treatment offers a path in Mpox management, potentially guiding future clinical strategies.