Data-driven early warning indicator for the overall stability of rock slopes: An example in hydropower engineering

In hydropower engineering, monitoring the instability of rock slopes is a crucial undertaking. Current early warning models of rock slopes lack consideration of the overall stability and cannot reflect the stability differences of different structure forms. Addressing these issues, we have successfully developed an integrative early warning indicator for the overall stability of rock slopes, utilizing the copula function and the safety stability rate. Initially, we introduce the safety stability rate to quantify the impact of rock structure on stability. Subsequently, the ISSR-MDF model, which integrates the safety stability rate with the marginal distribution function, is proposed. On this basis, we established the early warning indicator using the copula function. The results show that the indicator can reflect the structural characteristics of rock slopes and the trend of changes in multi -point residuals. The early warning model can provide valuable references for the stability assessment of slopes in hydropower engineering.