Characterisation of bioactive compounds from leaves of Smilax fluminensis Steud. by gc-MS and LC-DAD-MS, and analysis of its antioxidant and ecotoxicological activities

Smilax fluminensis Steud. is distributed in Central and South America, commonly named as 'salsaparilha' or 'japicanga'. In the present work, the chemical composition was determined, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects were evaluated for the ethanol extract (EE) and fractions from leaves. Fatty acid esters and phytol were characterised in the hexane (HEX) fraction. O-glycosylated flavonols and flavones, caffeic acid derivatives, and steroidal saponins were annotated for EE, and dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (AC), and hydroethanol (HE) fractions. The samples contain flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and the AC fraction displayed the biggest concentration of these substances. Antioxidant potential was observed in all samples, being especially pronounced in the AC fraction by DPPH and FRAP assays, with IC50 values of 8.18 and 2.35 mu g/mL, respectively. AC and HEX fractions showed 35% and 5% lethality at 1000 mu g/mL, in the Artemia salina assay, and the other samples did not show a toxic effect.