Hydrothermal Synthesis, Phase Analysis, and Magneto-Electronic Characterizations of Lead-Free Ferroelectric BM²⁺(Zn, Ca, Mg)T-BFO System

In this study, lead-free BiM2+(Zn, Ca, Mg)Ti-BiFeO3 ceramics are fabricated under eco-friendly hydrothermal reaction conditions at 250 C-degrees. XRD patterns show that all the synthesized compounds exhibit a phase coexistence of monoclinic and tetragonal perovskite-type structures with a morphotropic phase boundary at x = 0.4, with minimum impurity. The calculated average crystallite/grain size of the samples was close to 50 nm at full width at half-maximum of the main peak. The corresponding bonds of the constituent elements were observed by FTIR analysis, which further supports the formation of the local structure. EDS analyses detect all of the elements, their quantities, and compositional homogeneity. SEM data show agglomerated and nearly spherical morphology with an average particle size of about 128 nm. All synthesized ceramic powders revealed thermal stability with trivial mass loss up to investigated high temperatures (1000 C-degrees). The dielectric constant reached its maximum at 38.7 MHz and finally remained constant after 80 MHz for all nanoceramics. Because of the complementary impact of different compositions, the most effective piezoelectric characteristics of d(33) = 136 pCN(-1), P-r = 8.6 pCN(-1) cm(-2), and k(p) = 11% at 30 C-degrees were attained at x = 0.4 content for 0.4BiCaTi-0.6BiFeO(3) ceramic. The measured magnetic hysteresis data (M-H curve) showed a weak ferromagnetic nature with the highest moment of similar to 0.23 emu/g for 0.4BiCaTi-0.6BiFeO(3), and other samples exhibited negligible ferromagnetic to diamagnetic transition. The optical response study shows that the 0.4BiMgTi-0.6BiFeO(3) sample yielded the maximal transmittance (50%), whereas the 0.4BiCaTi-0.6BiFeO(3) compound exhibited the highest refractive index. The calculated large band gap shows a high insulating or dielectric nature. Our findings demonstrate that the BiM2+Ti-BiFeO3 system, which was fabricated using a low-temperature hydrothermal technique, is an excellent lead-free piezoelectric and multiferroic nanoceramic.