Suppression of black powder combustion and explosion using novel green seawater microcapsules

The safety of the military and civilian industries is threatened by the combustion–explosion of energetic materials during production, transport, and storage. Black powder, a commonly used energetic material, has been widely utilized in special ammunition, detonating cord, explosive welding, and fireworks, and it has caused several accidents. To address this issue, a new type of seawater microcapsule suppressant has been developed using natural seawater, which is both clean and environmentally friendly. This study examines the effectiveness of different dosages and types of suppressants in reducing the combustion–explosion pressure of black powder, an energetic material. The dosage of suppressants required for complete suppression is estimated, and changes in flame and wall temperature are monitored to analyze the combustion–explosion suppression efficiency and mechanism of black powder. The experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed seawater microcapsule has a positive impact on suppressing the combustion–explosion in black powder. When using 0.15 g of seawater microcapsules, there was a 32.51