Therapeutic Effects of Stimulating the Melanocortin Pathway in Regulating Ocular Inflammation and Cell Death

Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and its binding receptors (the melanocortin receptors) play important roles in maintaining ocular tissue integrity and immune homeostasis. Particularly extensive studies have demonstrated the biological functions of alpha-MSH in both immunoregulation and cyto-protection. This review summarizes the current knowledge of both the physiological and pathological roles of alpha-MSH and its receptors in the eye. We focus on recent developments in the biology of alpha-MSH and the relevant clinical implications in treating ocular diseases.