Structure of Amorphous Selenium: Small Ring, Big Controversy

Selenium (Se) discovered in 1817 belongs to the family of chalcogens. Surprisingly, despite the long history of over two centuries and the chemical simplicity of Se, the structure of amorphous Se (a-Se) remains controversial to date regarding the dominance of chains versus rings. Here, we find that vapor-deposited a-Se is composed of disordered rings rather than chains in melt-quenched a-Se. We further reveal that the main origin of this controversy is the facile transition of rings to chains arising from the inherent instability of rings. This transition can be inadvertently triggered by certain characterization techniques themselves containing above-bandgap illumination (above 2.1 eV) or heating (above 50 degree celsius). We finally build a roadmap for obtaining accurate Raman spectra by using above-bandgap excitation lasers with low photon flux (below 1017 phs m(-2) s(-1)) and below-bandgap excitation lasers measured at low temperatures (below -40 degree celsius) to minimize the photoexcitation- and heat-induced ring-to-chain transitions.