Assessing HCH isomer uptake in Alnus glutinosa : implications for phytoremediation and microbial response

Although the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers have long been banned, their presence in the environment is still reported worldwide. In this study, we investigated the bioaccumulation potential of α, β, and δ hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers in black alder saplings (Alnus glutinosa) to assess their environmental impact. Each isomer, at a concentration of 50 mg/kg, was individually mixed with soil, and triplicate setups, including a control without HCH, were monitored for three months with access to water. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the highest concentrations of HCH isomers in roots, decreasing towards branches and leaves, with δ-HCH exhibiting the highest uptake (roots—14.7 µg/g, trunk—7.2 µg/g, branches—1.53 µg/g, leaves—1.88 µg/g). Interestingly, α-HCH was detected in high concentrations in β-HCH polluted soil. Phytohormone analysis indicated altered cytokinin, jasmonate, abscisate, and gibberellin levels in A. glutinosa in response to HCH contamination. In addition, amplicon 16S rRNA sequencing was used to study the rhizosphere and soil microbial community. While rhizosphere microbial populations were generally similar in all HCH isomer samples, Pseudomonas spp. decreased across all HCH-amended samples, and Tomentella dominated in β-HCH and control rhizosphere samples but was lowest in δ-HCH samples.