Long-lasting bioactive compounds production from Malus x domestica Borkh var. Mela Rosa Marchigiana pulp callus culture with antioxidant activity: In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo validation

The Mela Rosa Marchigiana (MRM) pulp callus, kept alive since 2017 by monthly sub -cultures, was investigated and morphologically described. In the present paper, the MRM callus ethanolic Extract (MRME) was prepared from one of the 2022 callus sub -cultures and analysed by GC -MS and GC-FID. The investigation was carried out to test whether a long-term culture could affect either the amount or the bioactivity (or both) of the triterpenes produced by the callus. To this aim, the 2022 extract (MRME 2022) was compared to the extract prepared a few years ago (i.e., MRME 2019). Obtained results showed that the composition of both extracts was almost the same, thus revealing that the callus culture efficiency of triterpenes production was nearly unchanged over time. When analysing the biological effect of the extract, all experimental tests, including cell -free, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays, confirmed that MRME 2022 significantly protected cells, tissues, or whole organisms from oxidative stress -induced damage. Present results could lead to future studies to test MRME as a possible ingredient of a nutraceutical formulation for healthy aging or for the prevention of oxidative stress -associated pathologies.