Scarab Beetle-Inspired Embodied-Energy Membranous-Wing Robot with Flapping-Collision Piezo-Mechanoreception and Mobile Environmental Monitoring

The mechanoreception system in bionic micro air vehicles, akin to insect sensory neurons, handles internal and external stimulus information. However, current onboard mechanoreception methods add weight and necessitate additional power. Employing the embodied energy design paradigm, a lightweight intelligent membranous wing is proposed, mimicking the scarab beetle's hindwing morphology and kinematics. This wing serves multiple functions, including aerodynamic load-bearing, flight piezo-mechanoreception, and power supply. The beetle's semi-tubular costa structure is replicated, featuring a compliant leading edge for upstroke aerodynamic load resistance. Inspired by beetle hindwing veins and membranes, the bionic wing with three membranous fields: anal, medial, and apical, using heat lamination of multilayer materials is fabricated. The bionic wing's aerodynamic performance closely mirrors that of a real beetle hindwing, enabling various flight maneuvers and validating its real-flight potential. As a piezo-mechanoreception receptor for micro air vehicles, the bionic intelligent wing senses flapping frequency, wing deformations, and collisions through voltage signals from piezoelectric materials in the three membranous fields. Energy harvested from flapping-wing motion powers onboard light intensity and ultraviolet sensors for mobile 3D environmental monitoring. This integration of aerodynamics, mechanoreception, and power supply via embodied flapping energy offers a novel approach for designing future intelligent flapping-wing micro air vehicles. The bionic membranous-wing obtained through heat lamination technology possesses the wing vein and membrane distribution resembling that of the real beetle's hind-wing, exhibiting excellent aerodynamic performance. The integrated multifunctions of bionic intelligent wing in aerodynamics, mechanoreception, and power supply via embodied flapping energy provide a new approach for the design and development of future intelligent flapping-wing micro air vehicles.image