A C-Lean framework for deploying Circular Economy in manufacturing SMEs

The adoption of Circular Economy (CE) is challenging, especially for manufacturing SMEs. Without SMEs, CE's full spectrum cannot be realised, since they contribute to around 50% of the national GDP, globally. This research proposes a novel framework (C-Lean) to facilitate the implementation of CE in manufacturing SMEs by combining the principles of CE and Lean, as both foci on waste elimination and value creation/preservation. The framework utilises Lean tools/methods mingled with CE principles to achieve circularity, efficiency and effectiveness in manufacturing SMEs. The proposed framework was conceptually developed based on an extensive review of the existing scholarly literature and verified by a panel of field experts, through a Delphi study, from academia and industry. The model was further validated to assess its practical relevance through a case study approach in an SME manufacturing company. The results derived from the verification and validation of the proposed C-Lean framework suggest that CE can be effectively and efficiently adopted through its amalgamation with Lean. The C-Lean framework provides a systematic approach for manufacturing SMEs to simultaneously adopt CE and Lean practices in their existing operations. The proposed C-Lean framework can support and guide managers in the concurrent deployment of CE and Lean for their organisations to enhance both their operational and sustainability performance. This research provides a novel framework that converges CE and Lean as no such framework exists to date. C-Lean is attractive for manufacturing SMEs due to its dual nature of achieving operations excellence in a sustainable circular manner.