Nucleation Regulation and Mesoscopic Dielectric Screening in -FAPbI₃

While significant advancements in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of alpha-FAPbI(3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been made, attaining controllable perovskite crystallization is still a considerable hurdle. This challenge stems from the initial formation of delta-FAPbI(3) , a more energetically stable phase than the desired black alpha-phase, during film deposition. This disrupts the heterogeneous nucleation of alpha-FAPbI(3) , causing the formation of mixed phases and defects. To this end, polarity engineering using molecular additives, specifically ((methyl-sulfonyl)phenyl)ethylamines (MSPEs) are introduced. The findings reveal that the interaction of PbI2 -MSPEs-FAI intermediates is enhanced with the increased polarity of MSPEs, which in turn expedites the nucleation of alpha-FAPbI(3) . This leads to the development of high-quality alpha-FAPbI(3) films, characterized by vertical crystal orientation and reduced residual stresses. Additionally, the increased dipole moment of MSPE at perovskite grain boundaries attenuates Coulomb attractions among charged defects and screens carrier capture process, thereby diminishing non-radiative recombination. Utilizing these mechanisms, PSCs treated with highly polar 2-(4-MSPE) achieve an impressive PCE of 25.2% in small-area devices and 20.5% in large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs) with an active area of 70 cm(2) . These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy in achieving controllable crystallization of alpha-FAPbI(3) , paving the way for scalable-production of high-efficiency PSMs.