Arduino-integrated flight mill: A cost-effective approach to studying insect flight behavior

In recent years, the study of insect flight behavior has gained prominence, offering insights into their dispersal strategies, habitat preferences, and potential migration patterns. Recognizing the need for a precise tool to capture insect flight, we developed an Arduino-integrated flight mill that offers researchers affordability, accuracy, and adaptability. Our flight mill was rigorously tested on two insect species, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis and Polygonia c-aureum, and proved effective in recording their unique flight patterns. Key to the precision of our flight mill is the integration of advanced materials, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, which reduces friction, and the incorporation of magnetic sensing for meticulous data capture. These design choices ensure that the natural flight speed of the insect is replicated with minimal disturbance. Additionally, the implementation of a dedicated R script for data analysis provides researchers with a comprehensive platform, allowing them to delve deeply into various metrics, visualize patterns, and make informed conclusions. However, our flight mill is not without challenges. Mastery of the Arduino platform and R programming environment is essential for optimal use, which could pose barriers for those unfamiliar with these platforms. Moreover, although carefully designed, the mounting mechanism may still influence the natural behavior of the insect. Despite these challenges, the potential applications of our flight mill are myriad. From basic entomological research to practical applications in pest management and conservation, its versatility is evident. The adaptability of the tool also makes it an excellent resource in educational settings, offering students hands-on experience in studying insect behavior.