Exploration of the applications of micro/nanomotors-based smart devices in solid-phase extraction techniques

The fast rate of development in the software and electronics industries is forcing many other fields, like chemistry, to keep up; mobile labs are needed for more and more chemical processes and tests. The effective remediation of the ecosystem or water purification needs an efficient and versatile method involving rapid chemical reactions. Along with the development of smart devices and their use in daily life, micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have gained more attention from analytical chemists due to their unique characteristics. MNMs are promising candidates for future environmental treatment and separation sciences. MNMs are revolutionizing the environmental and bioanalytical sciences with their incredible versatility, ease of use, and precision. Future MNMs will replace environmental remediation equipment, smart drug delivery, portable smart biosensing de-vices, separation, catalysis, and operation in challenging environments. This review aims to explore the appli-cations of MNMs in solid-phase extraction and its future aspects.