Conservation implications of isotopic variation in nails and blood with wetland quality in three species of Australian freshwater turtle

1. Australian freshwater turtles are declining, reflecting global turtle trends. Understanding variation in turtle diets and habitat requirements can guide protection and restoration of ecosystems. Diet and niche overlap were investigated in three co-existing species of turtle-the broad-shelled turtle Chelodina expansa, the eastern long-necked turtle C. longicollis and the Macquarie turtle Emydura macquarii, in three rivers in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, in relation to environmental variables.2. Dietary variation in relation to water quality (salinity) and macrophyte cover was investigated using stable isotope analyses (delta N-15 and delta C-13) of turtle tissues (plasma, red blood cell, whole blood and nail) representing food assimilation over different antecedent periods. These stable isotope results were consistent with current dietary understanding based on stomach flushing, indicating that isotope analyses are a non-invasive method for obtaining dietary information.3. There were temporal dietary differences, with strong shifts between spring and summer sampling periods, particularly in the blood plasma. Intraspecific variation in diets reflected in delta N-15 and delta C-13 related to body size. There was evidence of high dietary overlap among the three species, potentially creating competition, particularly when they co-occur or resources might be limited.4. Continued degradation of turtle habitats and water quality affects turtle diet and reduces habitat availability, forcing the three species of turtle to co-exist in diminishing refugia, increasing interspecific competition for food. Protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems, including maintaining freshwater refugia, is essential to conserve already declining populations of the three Australian freshwater turtle species.