A GPU-accelerated Algorithm for Copy Move Detection in large-scale satellite images

With the diffusion of advanced image editing software, image manipulation is becoming an impelling aspect also for satellite images. In a copy-move (CM) forgery, part of the image is copied and pasted elsewhere into the same image. In the satellite domain, CM can be performed with the intent of propagating misleading information on the geography and morphology of the landscapes pictured in the images. The best algorithms for CM detection rely on a multi-step procedure involving extraction of image descriptors (keypoints), keypoint matching and finally clustering, for the localization of the forged area. The large size of many satellite images and their richness of details, often prevent the adoption of off-the-shelf tools developed for multimedia images. Due to the large number of keypoints typically present in satellite images, in fact, the computational complexity and memory requirements for SIFT keypoints extraction, matching, clustering and forgery localisation is prohibitive. In this paper, we propose a CM detection algorithm that can successfully process very high resolution satellite images, where off-the-shelf alternatives are crashing due to system memory exhaustion. The proposed algorithm is based on three main strategies powered by GPU acceleration: i) multi-threaded tile-based SIFT keypoints extraction, ii) optimised batch-based descriptors matching, iii) clustering and localisation of manipulated pixels exploiting tensors instead of a sliding window approach. Experiments carried out on images belonging to the ESA WorldView-2 European Cities dataset and on a set of hand-made copy-move forgeries with resolution above 1 Gigapixel, show the good performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of processing time and memory consumption.