The centennial-resolution loess Dwax record indicates summer precipitation variations in the marginal region of the East Asian monsoon during the last deglaciation

Precipitation isotopic composition variations that are directly recorded in geological samples play an important role in understanding past hydroclimatic changes. In arid regions, the hydrogen isotopes of leaf wax (delta Dwax) in loess sections can provide records of summer precipitation isotopes. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the orbital scale, and there was still a lack of clear understanding of variations in precipitation iso-topes on shorter timescales and their implications for climate change. In this study, we report centennial -resolution loess delta Dwax records from the central Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) from the last deglaciation to the early Holocene. We compared the loess optically stimulated luminescence chronology and U-Th ages conveyed by linking stalagmite delta 18O and loess delta Dwax to validate the delta Dwax method as a potential tool for assessing loess chronology on the suborbital scale. Our findings also indicated that regional precipitation isotopes experienced a depletion of approximately 24%o for delta D and around 3.2%o for delta 18O during the last deglaciation. The overall precipitation isotope amplitude in the central CLP was similar to that of typical East Asian monsoon regions and lower than that of the Indian monsoon and westerly regions. However, the precipitation isotope oscillations on the millennial scale in the central CLP were significantly weaker than those in eastern to central China. The finding affirmed that although the summer precipitation in the CLP was primarily influenced by the East Asian monsoon system at the orbital scale, the northern boundary of the summer rain belt remained a distance away from the interior of the CLP during the last deglaciation. As a result, the short-term oscillations of atmospheric circulation were not strongly reflected in the precipitation isotopes of the central CLP. This result highlighted spatial and temporal differences in precipitation isotope variability between the dominant and marginal regions of the East Asian monsoon system.