Integrated Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) with suburban rail network design problem for maximizing profits

Driven by the transit-oriented development (TOD) policy for rail stations, this study focuses on the network design of rapid suburban railways and the TOD zone design of corresponding suburban rail stations within metropolitan areas. A multi-level rail transit network was introduced, and the newly planned suburban rail network was considered as an expansion of the existing network to provide rapid services between urban and suburban areas. An integrated programming model was proposed to determine the physical and service routes of suburban rail network, the frequencies of each line, and the TOD plan along the selected rail stations. The integrated model is solved using the Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed model and methods is illustrated through numerical experiments, and several scenarios are designed for parameter analysis.