New perspectives on the genetic structure of dotted gizzard shad ( Konosirus punctatus ) based on RAD-seq

To maintain, develop and rationally utilize marine organisms, understanding their genetic structure and habitat adaptation pattern is necessary. Konosirus punctatus , which is a commercial fish species inhabiting the Indo-west Pacific Ocean, has shown an obvious annual global capture and aquaculture production decline due to climate changes and human activities. In the present study, restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) was used to describe its genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms panel (SNPs). Among 146 individuals collected at nine locations scattered in China, Korea and Japan, a set of 632,090 SNPs were identified. Population genetic analysis showed that K. punctatus individuals were divided into two significant genetic clusters. Meanwhile, potential genetic differentiation between northern and southern population of K. punctatus was found. Treemix results indicated that gene flow existed among sampling locations of K. punctatus , especially from southern Japan to others. Moreover, candidate genes associated with habitat adaptations of K. punctatus were identified, which are involved in diverse physiological processes of K. punctatus including growth and development (e.g., KIDINS220 , PAN3 ), substance metabolism (e.g., PGM5 ) and immune response (e.g., VAV3 , CCT7 , HSPA12B ). Our findings may aid in understanding the possible mechanisms for the population genetic structure and local adaptation of K. punctatus , which is beneficial to establish the management and conservation units of K. punctatus , guiding the rational use of resources, with reference significance for a profound understanding of the adaptative mechanisms of other marine organisms to the environment.