A quantitative assessment of Geant4 for predicting the yield and distribution of positron-emitting fragments in ion beam therapy
arxiv(2024)
摘要
Purpose: To compare the accuracy with which different hadronic inelastic
physics models across ten Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit versions can
predict positron-emitting fragments produced along the beam path during carbon
and oxygen ion therapy.
Materials and Methods: Phantoms of polyethylene, gelatin or poly(methyl
methacrylate) were irradiated with monoenergetic carbon and oxygen ion beams.
Post-irradiation, 4D PET images were acquired and parent ^11C, ^10C and
^15O radionuclides contributions in each voxel were determined from the
extracted time activity curves. Experiments were simulated in Geant4 Monte
Carlo versions 10-11.1, with three different fragmentation models: binary ion
cascade (BIC), quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) and the Liege intranuclear
cascade (INCL++) - 30 combinations. Total/parent isotope positron annihilation
yields were compared between simulations and experiments using normalised mean
squared error and Pearson cross-correlation coefficient. Depth of
maximum/distal 50% peak position yield were also compared.
Results: Performance varied considerably across versions and models, with no
one best predicting all positron-emitting fragments. BIC in Geant4 10.2
provided the best overall agreement with experimental results in the largest
number of test cases. QMD consistently provided the best estimates of both the
depth of peak positron yield (10.4 and 10.6) and the distal 50%-of-peak point
(10.2), while BIC also performed well and INCL generally performed the worst
across most Geant4 versions. Conclusions: Best spatial prediction of
annihilation yield and positron-emitting fragment production during carbon and
oxygen ion therapy was found to be 10.2.p03 with BIC or QMD. These
version/model combinations are recommended for future heavy ion therapy
research.
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