Rhein alleviates myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting mitochondrial division, activating mitochondrial autophagy and suppressing myocardial cell apoptosis through the Drp1/Pink1/Parkin pathway

Background Rhein, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response properties, is a beneficial treatment for different pathologies. However, the mechanism by which rhein protects against myocardial ischemic injury is poorly understood. Methods and results To establish an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rat model, we performed left anterior descending (LAD) ligation. Sprague‒Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham, AMI, AMI + rhein (AMI + R), and AMI + mitochondrial fission inhibitor (AMI + M). The extent of myocardial injury was evaluated by TTC staining, serum myocardial injury markers, and HE and Masson staining. Cardiac mitochondria ultrastructure was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. TUNEL assay and flow cytometry analysis were used to estimate cell apoptosis. Protein expression levels were measured by Western blotting. In vitro, the efficacy of rhein was assessed in H9c2 cells under hypoxic condition. Our results revealed that rats with AMI exhibited increased infarct size and indicators of myocardial damage, along with activation of Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission, decreased mitophagy and increased apoptosis rates. However, pretreatment with rhein significantly reversed these effects and demonstrated similar efficacy to Mdivi-1. Furthermore, rhein pretreatment protected against myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting mitochondrial fission, as evidenced by decreased Drp1 expression. It also enhanced mitophagy, as indicated by increased expression of Beclin1, Pink1 and Parkin, an increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and increased formation of autolysosomes. Additionally, rhein pretreatment mitigated apoptosis in AMI. These results were also confirmed in vitro in H9c2 cells. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that rhein pretreatment exerts cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemic injury via the Drp1/Pink1/Parkin pathway.