[Top 5 Research Studies of the month for Italian Primary Care Physicians: January 2024.]

This monthly article provides a collection of summaries of the most relevant studies identified as POEMs (patient-oriented evidence that matters) for Italian primary care physicians. 1) A recent high-quality systematic review (SR) of 76 SRs found that, compared to all other lipid-lowering medications, for overall, primary, and secondary prevention the best balance of benefits, harms, and costs is provided by statins. 2) To our surprise, a network meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concluded that acetaminophen and ketorolac were more effective than morphine in alleviating pain from renal colic and were less likely than morphine to cause adverse effects and the need for rescue analgesia. 3) Proton pump inbibitors (PPI) use in children is associated with an increased risk of developing serious infections as compared with the use other acid-suppressing therapy. It seems prudent to use antacids and histamine 2 receptor antagonists first and reserve PPIs for nonresponders. 4) Overdiagnosis - the identification of, in this case, breast cancer, that would not have caused symptoms in a person's lifetime - seems to increase with age. In a study including more than 50.000 women aged above 70 who underwent mammography screening, the overdiagnosis rate was 31%, 47% and 51% for women aged 70 to 74 years, 75 to 84 years and over age 85, respectively. 5) An RCT among community-dwelling adults conducted in the US found that using a regular cuff on larger-than-average arms can falsely raise blood pressure readings by almost 5 mmHg, and a regular cuff on an especially thin arm can lower readings by 3.6 mmHg.