The mitochondrial genome and life history of Tomostethus sinofraxini (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), an emerging pest of Fraxinus chinensis

Tomostethus sinofraxini Wang & Wei (a new name is proposed for Tomostethus fraxini Niu & Wei, 2022: Tomostethus sinofraxini Wang & Wei, nom. nov.), an emerging sawfly pest of the Chinese ash, Fraxinus chinensis, is now endemic to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and Shandong provinces. Given the severity of its infestation and the speed of its range expansion, we studied the phylogenetic relationship of T. sinofraxini with other sawfly species and its life history to be better informed for the management strategies. The nearly complete T. sinofraxini mitogenome is 16,169 bp in length and encodes 2 ribosomal RNAs (rrnL and rrnS), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 13 protein-coding genes. The nucleotide composition is biased toward adenine and thymine (A + T = 81.7%). In comparison to the architecture of the ancestral insect mitogenome, 2 transposition events occur on the IQM tRNA cluster, rearranging it from IQM to MQI. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that T. sinofraxini belongs to a group composed of paraphyletic subfamilies Blennocampinae and Heterarthrinae. In addition, to document its life history, we observed T. sinofraxini development at 2 geographical locations in Beijing, China, with different altitudes. At Jiulong Mountain, with a higher altitude and a lower average temperature, the developmental time of egg, larval, and adult stages was 19%-31% longer than that observed at the Chinese Academy of Forestry. A basic understanding of biological traits and molecular signatures is the critical first step to develop an integrated pest management framework for this emerging pest of the Chinese ash.