Measuring health care continuum with multifaceted indicators for people who use drugs in Vietnam.

Continuum of care is a concept that has been widely applied in HIV prevention and treatment studies. However, measuring care continuum can be challenging because it involves multiple stages and multiple components or domains at each stage of care. In this study, we introduced an analytical framework to (1) estimate intervention effects overall and by domain using a multi-level modeling approach, and (2) learn possible patterns of domains over time utilizing a multi-layer heatmap visualization. Longitudinal data from an intervention study conducted among people who use drugs in Vietnam were used to construct Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain (STTR) domain and overall scores. Findings from the adjusted analysis showed that people who use drugs in the intervention exhibited a significantly greater improvement in the overall STTR score than those in the control (p-values < .0001). The multi-layer heatmap revealed different patterns of the individual domains over time and the inter-relationships among the individual domains. This study demonstrates the feasibility of constructing a general fulfillment score and domain specific scores to measure care continuum among people who use drugs. The analytical framework can be readily extended to evaluate service fulfillment outcomes in health services and treatment studies for other key populations.