Investigation on the synergistic effect in multiple active centers (Pd/Ni/PdO/NiO/Ni2O3) in situ formed on the surface of the self-assembly β-ketoimide Pd(II)/Ni(II) film anchored on graphene oxide for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction

•A new heterogeneous GO@β-Ki-Pd0.075Ni0.925 catalytic film was fabricated by the self-assembly method.•It had a higher activity with a higher turnover frequency (TOF) up to 112257 h−1 due to the ensemble synergistic of multi-active centers.•The active center includes Pd(0), Pd(0)/PdO, Pd(0)/Ni(0), Pd(0)/NiO, and Pd(0)/Ni2O3.•The reasons for the deactivation are the aggregation of active centers, covered the active center, and loss of active metal.•Oxygen plays a crucial role in forming the metal oxides, acting not only as an essential function in synergy between metal oxide and palladium but also as a stabilizer.