The congenital birth defects burden in children younger than 14 years of age, 1990-2019: An age-period-cohort analysis of the global burden of disease study

Background This study aims to delineate the burden of congenital birth defects (CBDs) in children under 14 years of age from 1990 to 2019, using an age -pe-riod-cohort framework to analyse data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). Methods Data on prevalence cases, age-standardised prevalence rates (ASPRs), death cases, and age-standardised death rates (ASDRs) of congenital birth de-fects (CBDs) from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from GBD 2019. Using this data set, we conducted an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis to examine patterns and trends in mortality, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) asso-ciated with CBDs, while exploring correlations with age, time periods, and gen-erational birth cohorts. Furthermore, to quantify the temporal trends, we cal-culated the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) for these parameters. Results The global prevalence of CBDs decreased from 1404.22 to 1301.66 per 100 000 with an EAPC of -0.18% from 1990 to 2019. CBD mortality decreased by 42.52% between 1990 and 2019, with the global age-standardised death rate declining from 49.72 to 25.58 per 100 000. The age-standardised DALY rate de-creased from 4529.16 to 2393.61 per 100 000. Prevalence declined most notably among older children. The risk of CBDs reached its lowest during adolescence (10-14 years) across all regions. The most recent period (2015-2019) showed a reduced risk of prevalence compared to 2000-2004. Earlier birth cohorts dis-played declining tendencies followed by slight increases in risk. Conclusions This study demonstrates encouraging global reductions in the bur-den of CBDs among children over the past three decades. Prevalence, mortality, and DALYs attributable to CBDs have exhibited downward trajectories, although regional disparities remain. APC analysis provides valuable insights to inform prevention and management strategies for pediatric CBDs.