Ginger volatile oil inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 in the bisphenol A environment by altering gut microbial diversity

Objective: To examine the impact of ginger volatile oil (GVO) on the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) by modulating the diversity of gut microbiota. Methods: MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were injected subcutaneously into the right armpit of female BALB/c Nude (nu/nu) mice to create a triple negative breast cancer model. Thirty nude mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (distilled water every day), BPA control group (distilled PEG -400+ DMSO + cyclodextrin every day), BPA + GVO (0.25 mL/ kg) group, BPA + GVO (0.5 mL/kg) group, BPA + GVO (1 mL/kg) group, 6 mice in each group; The drug was given by gavage once a day for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the changes of tumor mass and tumor volume were observed and compared in 5 groups of tumor -bearing mice. High -throughput sequencing (16S rRNA) was used to detect the changes of gut microflora in each group. Results: The volume and weight of breast cancer decreased in the low, medium and high dose groups of GVO. Among them, the difference between the high -dose group and the BPA group reached a significant level (P < 0.05). The species and abundance of gut flora decreased following BPA treatment, but increased after combined treatment of BPA with GVO. In the tumor control group, the ratio of Firmicutes(F) and Bacteroidea(B) respectively was 0.10:0.79 at the phylum level, while the ratio of BPA group further decreased (0.04:0.88). After feeding GVO, the number of Firmicutes and Bacteroidea increased, the F/B ratio increased, and the level of Lactobacillus and alistipes increased. In the BPA and GVO treatment group, the predominant gut microflora functions are cell membrane biogenesis, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. This is followed by amino acid transport and metabolism, and transcription function. After GVO administration, the Gram-positive bacteria (G(+)) ratio had an increasing trend and the Gramnegative bacteria (G (-))ratio had a decreasing trend. Conclusion: The species and abundance of gut flora decreased following BPA treatment, but increased after combined treatment of BPA with GVO.