Important role of pore-filling mechanism in separating naproxen from water by micro-mesoporous carbonaceous material

Commercial micro-mesoporous carbonaceous material (MCM; 56.8% mesopores) was applied for investigating the removal phenomenon of naproxen drug in aqueous solutions through batch adsorption experiments. Results demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of MCM to naproxen was slightly affected by different pH(eq) (2.0-11) and ionic strength (0-1 M NaCl). Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and mechanisms were evaluated at pH 7.0. Adsorption kinetics indicated the rate constants for adsorption (0.2 x 10(-3) L/(mg x min) and desorption (0.076/min) and the adsorption equilibrium constant (2.6 x 10(-3) L/mg). Adsorption isotherm showed that MCM exhibited a high-affinity adsorption capacity to naproxen (even at low concentrations) and its Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (Q(max)) was 252.7 mg/g at 25 degrees C. Adsorption thermodynamics proved that the adsorption process was endothermic and physisorption (Delta H degrees = 9.66 kJ/mol). The analysis result of pore size distribution demonstrated that the internal pore structure of MCM was appropriate for adsorbing naproxen molecules. Pore-filing mechanism (pore diffusion phenomenon) was confirmed by a considerable decrease in BET-surface area (585 m(2)/g) and total pore volume (0.417 cm(3)/g) of MCM after adsorbing naproxen (similar to 1000 mg/L and pH 7.0) at 5 min (341 and 0.256), 60 min (191 and 0.205), 120 min (183 and 0.193), 360 min (144 and 0.175), and 24 h (71.6 m(2)/g and 0.123 cm(3)/g, respectively). The pore diffusion occurred rapidly (even at the initial adsorption period of 5 min). The FTIR technique was applied to identify the existence of C-H center dot center dot center dot pi and n-pi interaction. pi-pi interaction (evaluated through I-D/I-G ratio and C=C band) played a minor contribution in adsorption mechanisms. The I-D/I-G ratio (determined by the Raman technique) of MCM before adsorption (1.195) was similar to that after adsorption (1.190), and the wavenumber (C=C band; its FTIR spectrum) slightly shifted from 1638 to 1634 cm(-1) after adsorption. A decrease in the Q(max) value of MCM from 249 to 217 (H2O2-oxidized MCM) or to 224 mg/g (HNO3-oxidized MCM) confirmed the presence of pi-pi interaction. Electrostatic attraction was a minor contribution. MCM can serve as a promising material for removing naproxen from water environment through a pore-filling mechanism. Practitioner Points center dot Pore-filling mechanism was proposed by comparing textural properties of MCM before and after adsorbing naproxen. center dot C-H center dot center dot center dot pi and n-pi interactions were identified via FTIR technique. center dot pi-pi interaction was observed by FTIR and Raman techniques. center dot Oxidation of MCM with HNO3 or H2O2 was a helpful method to explore pi-pi interaction. center dot Electrostatic attraction was explained through studies: effects of pH and NaCl along with desorption.