Curriculum learning inspired by behavioral shaping trains neural networks to adopt animal-like decision making strategies.

Recurrent neural networks (RNN) are ubiquitously used in neuroscience to capture both neural dynamics and behaviors of living systems. However, when it comes to complex cognitive tasks, traditional methods for training RNNs can fall short in capturing crucial aspects of animal behavior. To address this challenge, we leverage a commonly used (though rarely appreciated) approach from the experimental neuroscientist's toolkit: behavioral shaping. Taking as target a temporal wagering task previously studied in rats, we designed a pretraining curriculum of simpler cognitive tasks that are prerequisites for performing it well. These pretraining tasks are not simplified versions of the temporal wagering task, but rather reflect relevant sub-computations. We show that this approach is required for RNNs to adopt similar strategies as rats, including long-timescale inference of latent states, which conventional pretraining approaches fail to capture. Mechanistically, our pretraining supports the development of key dynamical systems features needed for implementing both inference and value-based decision making. Overall, our approach addresses a gap in neural network model training by incorporating inductive biases of animals, which is important when modeling complex behaviors that rely on computational abilities acquired from past experiences.