Prolonged Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome After Cardiac Surgery

Objectives: Cardiac surgery induces systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), leading to higher morbidity and mortality. There are no individualized predictors for worse outcomes or biomarkers for the multifactorial, excessive inflammatory response. The interest of this study was to evaluate whether a systematic use of the SIRS criteria could be used to predict postoperative outcomes beyond infection and sepsis, and if the development of an exaggerated inflammation response could be observed preoperatively. Design: The study was observational, with prospectively enrolled patients. Setting: This was a single institution study in a hospital setting combined with laboratory findings. Participants: The study included a cohort of 261 volunteer patients. Interventions: Patients underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, and were followed up to 90 days. Biomarker profiling was run preoperatively. Measurements and Main Results: Altogether, 17 of 261 (6.4%) patients had prolonged SIRS, defined as fulfilling at least 2 criteria on 4 consecutive postoperative days. During hospitalization, postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) was found in 42.2% of patients, and stroke and transient ischemic attack in 3.8% of patients. Prolonged SIRS was a significant predictor of POAF (odds ratio [OR] 4.5, 95% CI 1.2-17.3), 90 -day stroke (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.1-18.0), and mortality (OR 10.7, 95% CI 1.7-68.8). Biomarker assays showed that preoperative nerve growth factor and interleukin 5 levels were associated with prolonged SIRS (OR 5.6, 95%, CI 1.4-23.2 and OR 0.7, 95%, CI 0.4-1.0, respectively). Conclusions: Nerve growth factor and interleukin 5 can be used to predict prolonged systemic inflammatory response, which is associated with POAF, stroke, and mortality. (c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license