How to develop global energy-intensive sectors in the presence of carbon tariffs?

Developed economies like the EU advocate imposing carbon tariffs on exports from countries lacking equivalent emission reduction measures, with energy-intensive sectors being the most susceptible. This study establishes five specific policy scenarios aligned with the potential criteria for carbon tariffs by developed economies. Utilizing the GTAP-E model, we quantitatively analyze the impact on energy-intensive sectors in major developing and developed economies. The results highlight the disadvantaged position of affected economies compared to the imposing ones. Lastly, the paper delves into effective strategies for relevant countries and outlines the transition pathways for energy-intensive sectors.