Neurological ultrasound diagnostics - an update

The diagnostic use of ultrasonography in the field of neurology comprises not only the investigation for a stenosis or occlusion of the brain-supplying arteries but also includes a comprehensive examination of intracranial vessels using transcranial color-coded sonography, assessment of brain parenchyma or the optic nerve sheath diameter using B-mode ultrasonography, and monitoring for microembolic signals and testing for a disturbed cerebral autoregulation or a right-to-left shunt via a patent foramen ovale using transcranial Doppler sonography. This paper provides an update on recent developments in neurosonology and compiles the state-of-the-art knowledge required for certification by relevant national societies in charge for continuing education in ultrasonography.