Developing Porous Microneedles Patch for the Detection of Wound Infections

Wound infections caused by invasive pathogens become an increasing global challenge health. Porous microneedles (MNs) present distinctive advantages for non-invasive and in situ detection of wound infections, enabling the extraction of interstitial fluid, skin sweat, saliva and other biological samples. Consequently, porous MNs find widespread acceptance in medical detection, drug delivery, and monitoring physiological indicators. Based on these advantages, the emerging clinical applications and classifications of MNs is first introduced, covering mechanical strength, methods for antibody probe modification onto porous MNs, and signal amplification techniques for biomarkers analysis. At the same time, the specific applications of immunology and electrochemistry on porous MNs, introducing methods to enhance the detection signal of target molecules, such as rolling circle amplification, gold/silver nanoparticles, fluorescence amplification origami microneedle and so on is try to summarized. The improvement of detection sensitivity is realized by integrating various signal amplification strategies and diverse detection methods. Meanwhile, it is briefly illustrated applications in wound detections. Finally, challenges and future prospects of using porous MNs for detection in practical applications is discussed. Porous microneedles pose unique advantages of non-invasiveness and in situ detection as for wound infections. It has the ability to extract interstitial fluid and diverse biological samples, subsequently analyzing many kinds of biomarkers of wound infections via electrochemical methods, immuno-assays, signal amplification strategies, and the like.image