2Memristor-1Capacitor Integrated Temporal Kernel for High-Dimensional Data Mapping

Compact but precise feature-extracting ability is core to processing complex computational tasks in neuromorphic hardware. Physical reservoir computing (RC) offers a robust framework to map temporal data into a high-dimensional space using the time dynamics of a material system, such as a volatile memristor. However, conventional physical RC systems have limited dynamics for the given material properties, restricting the methods to increase their dimensionality. This study proposes an integrated temporal kernel composed of a 2-memristor and 1-capacitor (2M1C) using a W/HfO2/TiN memristor and TiN/ZrO2/Al2O3/ZrO2/TiN capacitor to achieve higher dimensionality and tunable dynamics. The kernel elements are carefully designed and fabricated into an integrated array, of which performances are evaluated under diverse conditions. By optimizing the time dynamics of the 2M1C kernel, each memristor simultaneously extracts complementary information from input signals. The MNIST benchmark digit classification task achieves a high accuracy of 94.3% with a (196x10) single-layer network. Analog input mapping ability is tested with a Mackey-Glass time series prediction, and the system records a normalized root mean square error of 0.04 with a 20x1 readout network, the smallest readout network ever used for Mackey-Glass prediction in RC. These performances demonstrate its high potential for efficient temporal data analysis. An integrated temporal kernel using two memristors and one capacitor is fabricated. This kernel extracts complementary features from the input, ultimately processing MNIST images at 8-bit to achieve an accuracy of 94.3%. Excellent prediction performance for the Mackey-Glass time series is verified with NRMSE of 0.04 in minimal network size (20 x 1).image