Estimation of the Genome Size and Complete Chloroplast Genome in Adenophora remotiflora: Genome Structures, Comparative Genomics, and Phylogenetic Diversity

Adenophora remotiflora is a wild perennial plant used as oriental medicine and ornamental flowers in East Asia. The haploid genome size of A. remotiflora was estimated at 3.9 Gb with a 2.42% heterozygosity ratio. The chloroplast genome of 174,455 base pairs (bp) shows a circular map structure, and has four conserved regions consisting of a large single-copy region of 108,423 bp, a small single-copy region of 10,444 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (each 27,794 bp). A total of 108 unique genes were annotated, comprising 74 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 transfer RNA genes. A total of 155 repeat sequences were identified, and comparative genome structures were characterized among the Adenophora species. Phylogenetic diversity showed that A. remotiflora is in a close position within the Adenophora genus, and Adenophora erecta is in the closest evolutionary position.