Human‐Material Interaction Enabled by FFF 4D Printing

This review delves into four‐dimensional printing (4DP) through fused filament fabrication (FFF) and its implications for human‐material interaction (HMI). FFF 4DP’s emergence in HMI represents a nascent and evolving concept worthy of deeper exploration. The article introduces FFF 4DP’s fundamental principles, methodologies, materials, and associated benefits and challenges. Its primary focus is the intersection between FFF 4DP and HMI, investigating the potential of employing FFF 4D printed objects as interactive interfaces. Various HMI scenarios are examined, including applications in soft actuators, smart toys, household devices, smart consumer products, 4D textiles, and customizable wood‐based items. Moreover, the article discusses the current state‐of‐art and development in the field, highlighting notable projects that integrate FFF 4DP into HMI to advance environmental sustainability. It also identifies key challenges/limitations requiring attention for the widespread adoption of 4DP in HMI applications. This work offers an in‐depth analysis of FFF 4DP within the HMI context, underscoring its potential to transform human interactions with machines and smart devices. It introduces innovative features for dynamic and adaptable interfaces, promising to revolutionize user experiences. The article serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and designers interested in exploring the exciting possibilities of FFF 4DP in the realm of HMI.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.