Dopamine-mediated copper-loaded ZnTiO3 antimicrobial coating with immunomodulatory properties effectively enhances vascularised osteogenesis on titanium implants

The experimental protocol and flow are shown in Graphical Abstract (for review). The following series of experiments were verified: 1) the fabrication process of the ZnTN-PDA-Cu composite coating on Ti; 2) the surface microstructure, phase composition, roughness, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the coated implants; 3) the release behavior of Zn2+ and Cu2+ from the ZnTN-PDA-Cu coating; 4) antibacterial properties of coatings against E. coli and S. aureus; 5) anti-inflammatory, angiogenic and osteoinductive properties of the ZnTN-PDA-Cu coating.