Microvascular status in juvenile Sjögren’s disease: the first nailfold videocapillaroscopy investigation

Introduction Juvenile Sjögren’s disease (jSjD) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by exocrine gland involvement and systemic manifestations, including small vessel vasculitis and Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP). We aimed to investigate the microvascular status in jSjD patients by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) and the potential correlations with clinical and serological features. Methods Clinical data from thirteen consecutive jSjD patients (11 females and 2 males), with a mean age of 16 ± 4 years, diagnosed before 16 years of age (mean age at diagnosis 12 ± 3) according to the 2016 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR criteria for adult SjD, were collected including age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Clinical, laboratory, and instrumental data were collected, together with NVC examination. Non-specific and specific NVC parameters were investigated, such as capillary density, capillary dilations, giant capillaries, microhaemorrhages and abnormal shapes. Associations between NVC findings and clinical/serological features were explored and analysed using parametrical and non-parametrical tests. Results Capillary density reduction correlated significantly with articular involvement (arthralgias) ( p = 0.024). Microhaemorrhages correlated with lower C3 levels ( p = 0.034). No specific NVC pattern for jSjD was identified, whereas abnormal capillary shapes were significantly higher in jSjD patients than HCs ( p = 0.005). NVC abnormalities were not associated with SjD-specific instrumental tests (biopsy, imaging, Schirmer’s test). RP was present in 8% of jSjD patients. Conclusions The reduction of capillary density, as well as microhaemorrhages at NVC analysis, are significantly associated with some clinical aspects like articular involvement and serum biomarkers (C3 reduction). The NVC is suggested as safe and further analysis in jSjD patients. Key Points • Juvenile Sjögren’s disease (jSjD) exhibits a higher rate of abnormal shapes at nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) compared to matched healthy controls. • Articular involvement in jSjD is significantly associated with a lower capillary number at NVC. • Microhaemorrhages on NVC are associated with lower C3 levels, prompting this finding as a putative novel negative biomarker/prognostic factor for jSjD.