Mixed-Integer Programming with Enterprise Risk Analysis for Vehicle Electrification at Maritime Container Ports.

There is urgency for electrifying fleet vehicles as a means to reach net-zero emissions and promote sustainability, including at maritime container ports. Ports are exploring the incorporation of electric terminal tractors and supporting infras-tructure in an effort to minimize the environmental effects of their operations while simultaneously improving service performance. The challenges include planning of investments in infrastructure that will meet charging requirements of these terminal tractors while maintaining operational efficiencies. This paper develops an optimization and associated risk register for strategic capacity expansion of electric vehicle fleets at maritime container ports. The approach includes multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and a characterization of enterprise risk as a disruption of system order. A demonstration of schedule optimization uses linear program-ming models for thirty-two combinations of plug-in, wireless, and wireless dynamic charging infrastructure configurations to determine optimal charger locations. In a robust ensemble model, the optimization accompanies a comprehensive risk analysis that disrupts importance orders across seven scenarios: (1) Environ-mental Change, (2) Policy Revision, (3) Technology Innovation, (4) Cyber Attack, (5) Market Shift, (6) Electrical Grid Stress, and (7) Workforce Interruption. The results support the decisions and enterprise risk management for a $1.5 billion strategic plan for port infrastructure. The plan involves selecting charging station locations, determining charging schedules, and selecting charger models while considering multiple performance criteria such as safety, operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. The approach is generally applicable for a variety of complex systems to mitigate schedule and cost risks while improving sustainability. The audience of the paper includes owners and operators of transportation and energy infrastructures, asset managers, logistics service providers, and others.